diff --git a/changelogs/fragments/9323-fstr-inventory-plugins.yml b/changelogs/fragments/9323-fstr-inventory-plugins.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..03ded1f0ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelogs/fragments/9323-fstr-inventory-plugins.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+minor_changes:
+  - cobbler inventory plugin - use f-strings instead of interpolations or ``format`` (https://github.com/ansible-collections/community.general/pull/9323).
+  - gitlab_runners inventory plugin - use f-strings instead of interpolations or ``format`` (https://github.com/ansible-collections/community.general/pull/9323).
+  - icinga2 inventory plugin - use f-strings instead of interpolations or ``format`` (https://github.com/ansible-collections/community.general/pull/9323).
+  - linode inventory plugin - use f-strings instead of interpolations or ``format`` (https://github.com/ansible-collections/community.general/pull/9323).
+  - lxd inventory plugin - use f-strings instead of interpolations or ``format`` (https://github.com/ansible-collections/community.general/pull/9323).
+  - nmap inventory plugin - use f-strings instead of interpolations or ``format`` (https://github.com/ansible-collections/community.general/pull/9323).
+  - online inventory plugin - use f-strings instead of interpolations or ``format`` (https://github.com/ansible-collections/community.general/pull/9323).
+  - opennebula inventory plugin - use f-strings instead of interpolations or ``format`` (https://github.com/ansible-collections/community.general/pull/9323).
+  - proxmox inventory plugin - use f-strings instead of interpolations or ``format`` (https://github.com/ansible-collections/community.general/pull/9323).
+  - scaleway inventory plugin - use f-strings instead of interpolations or ``format`` (https://github.com/ansible-collections/community.general/pull/9323).
+  - stackpath_compute inventory plugin - use f-strings instead of interpolations or ``format`` (https://github.com/ansible-collections/community.general/pull/9323).
+  - virtualbox inventory plugin - use f-strings instead of interpolations or ``format`` (https://github.com/ansible-collections/community.general/pull/9323).
+  - xen_orchestra inventory plugin - use f-strings instead of interpolations or ``format`` (https://github.com/ansible-collections/community.general/pull/9323).
diff --git a/plugins/inventory/cobbler.py b/plugins/inventory/cobbler.py
index 664380da8f..ef88dae18c 100644
--- a/plugins/inventory/cobbler.py
+++ b/plugins/inventory/cobbler.py
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Cacheable):
             raise AnsibleError('Could not import xmlrpc client library')
 
         if self.connection is None:
-            self.display.vvvv('Connecting to %s\n' % self.cobbler_url)
+            self.display.vvvv(f'Connecting to {self.cobbler_url}\n')
             self.connection = xmlrpc_client.Server(self.cobbler_url, allow_none=True)
             self.token = None
             if self.get_option('user') is not None:
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Cacheable):
         return self._cache[self.cache_key]['systems']
 
     def _add_safe_group_name(self, group, child=None):
-        group_name = self.inventory.add_group(to_safe_group_name('%s%s' % (self.get_option('group_prefix'), group.lower().replace(" ", ""))))
+        group_name = self.inventory.add_group(to_safe_group_name(f"{self.get_option('group_prefix')}{group.lower().replace(' ', '')}"))
         if child is not None:
             self.inventory.add_child(group_name, child)
         return group_name
@@ -243,16 +243,16 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Cacheable):
 
         for profile in self._get_profiles():
             if profile['parent']:
-                self.display.vvvv('Processing profile %s with parent %s\n' % (profile['name'], profile['parent']))
+                self.display.vvvv(f"Processing profile {profile['name']} with parent {profile['parent']}\n")
                 if not self._exclude_profile(profile['parent']):
                     parent_group_name = self._add_safe_group_name(profile['parent'])
-                    self.display.vvvv('Added profile parent group %s\n' % parent_group_name)
+                    self.display.vvvv(f'Added profile parent group {parent_group_name}\n')
                     if not self._exclude_profile(profile['name']):
                         group_name = self._add_safe_group_name(profile['name'])
-                        self.display.vvvv('Added profile group %s\n' % group_name)
+                        self.display.vvvv(f'Added profile group {group_name}\n')
                         self.inventory.add_child(parent_group_name, group_name)
             else:
-                self.display.vvvv('Processing profile %s without parent\n' % profile['name'])
+                self.display.vvvv(f"Processing profile {profile['name']} without parent\n")
                 # Create a hierarchy of profile names
                 profile_elements = profile['name'].split('-')
                 i = 0
@@ -260,12 +260,12 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Cacheable):
                     profile_group = '-'.join(profile_elements[0:i + 1])
                     profile_group_child = '-'.join(profile_elements[0:i + 2])
                     if self._exclude_profile(profile_group):
-                        self.display.vvvv('Excluding profile %s\n' % profile_group)
+                        self.display.vvvv(f'Excluding profile {profile_group}\n')
                         break
                     group_name = self._add_safe_group_name(profile_group)
-                    self.display.vvvv('Added profile group %s\n' % group_name)
+                    self.display.vvvv(f'Added profile group {group_name}\n')
                     child_group_name = self._add_safe_group_name(profile_group_child)
-                    self.display.vvvv('Added profile child group %s to %s\n' % (child_group_name, group_name))
+                    self.display.vvvv(f'Added profile child group {child_group_name} to {group_name}\n')
                     self.inventory.add_child(group_name, child_group_name)
                     i = i + 1
 
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Cacheable):
         self.group = to_safe_group_name(self.get_option('group'))
         if self.group is not None and self.group != '':
             self.inventory.add_group(self.group)
-            self.display.vvvv('Added site group %s\n' % self.group)
+            self.display.vvvv(f'Added site group {self.group}\n')
 
         ip_addresses = {}
         ipv6_addresses = {}
@@ -286,14 +286,14 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Cacheable):
             interfaces = host['interfaces']
 
             if set(host['mgmt_classes']) & set(self.include_mgmt_classes):
-                self.display.vvvv('Including host %s in mgmt_classes %s\n' % (host['name'], host['mgmt_classes']))
+                self.display.vvvv(f"Including host {host['name']} in mgmt_classes {host['mgmt_classes']}\n")
             else:
                 if self._exclude_profile(host['profile']):
-                    self.display.vvvv('Excluding host %s in profile %s\n' % (host['name'], host['profile']))
+                    self.display.vvvv(f"Excluding host {host['name']} in profile {host['profile']}\n")
                     continue
 
                 if set(host['mgmt_classes']) & set(self.exclude_mgmt_classes):
-                    self.display.vvvv('Excluding host %s in mgmt_classes %s\n' % (host['name'], host['mgmt_classes']))
+                    self.display.vvvv(f"Excluding host {host['name']} in mgmt_classes {host['mgmt_classes']}\n")
                     continue
 
             # hostname is often empty for non-static IP hosts
@@ -303,21 +303,21 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Cacheable):
                         this_dns_name = ivalue.get('dns_name', None)
                         if this_dns_name is not None and this_dns_name != "":
                             hostname = make_unsafe(this_dns_name)
-                            self.display.vvvv('Set hostname to %s from %s\n' % (hostname, iname))
+                            self.display.vvvv(f'Set hostname to {hostname} from {iname}\n')
 
             if hostname == '':
-                self.display.vvvv('Cannot determine hostname for host %s, skipping\n' % host['name'])
+                self.display.vvvv(f"Cannot determine hostname for host {host['name']}, skipping\n")
                 continue
 
             self.inventory.add_host(hostname)
-            self.display.vvvv('Added host %s hostname %s\n' % (host['name'], hostname))
+            self.display.vvvv(f"Added host {host['name']} hostname {hostname}\n")
 
             # Add host to profile group
             if host['profile'] != '':
                 group_name = self._add_safe_group_name(host['profile'], child=hostname)
-                self.display.vvvv('Added host %s to profile group %s\n' % (hostname, group_name))
+                self.display.vvvv(f'Added host {hostname} to profile group {group_name}\n')
             else:
-                self.display.warning('Host %s has an empty profile\n' % (hostname))
+                self.display.warning(f'Host {hostname} has an empty profile\n')
 
             # Add host to groups specified by group_by fields
             for group_by in self.group_by:
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Cacheable):
                     groups = [host[group_by]] if isinstance(host[group_by], str) else host[group_by]
                 for group in groups:
                     group_name = self._add_safe_group_name(group, child=hostname)
-                    self.display.vvvv('Added host %s to group_by %s group %s\n' % (hostname, group_by, group_name))
+                    self.display.vvvv(f'Added host {hostname} to group_by {group_by} group {group_name}\n')
 
             # Add to group for this inventory
             if self.group is not None:
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Cacheable):
                 try:
                     self.inventory.set_variable(hostname, 'cobbler', make_unsafe(host))
                 except ValueError as e:
-                    self.display.warning("Could not set host info for %s: %s" % (hostname, to_text(e)))
+                    self.display.warning(f"Could not set host info for {hostname}: {to_text(e)}")
 
         if self.get_option('want_ip_addresses'):
             self.inventory.set_variable(self.group, 'cobbler_ipv4_addresses', make_unsafe(ip_addresses))
diff --git a/plugins/inventory/gitlab_runners.py b/plugins/inventory/gitlab_runners.py
index bd29e8d310..a5f53b8b14 100644
--- a/plugins/inventory/gitlab_runners.py
+++ b/plugins/inventory/gitlab_runners.py
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable):
                 # Create groups based on variable values and add the corresponding hosts to it
                 self._add_host_to_keyed_groups(self.get_option('keyed_groups'), host_attrs, host, strict=strict)
         except Exception as e:
-            raise AnsibleParserError('Unable to fetch hosts from GitLab API, this was the original exception: %s' % to_native(e))
+            raise AnsibleParserError(f'Unable to fetch hosts from GitLab API, this was the original exception: {to_native(e)}')
 
     def verify_file(self, path):
         """Return the possibly of a file being consumable by this plugin."""
diff --git a/plugins/inventory/icinga2.py b/plugins/inventory/icinga2.py
index d1f2bc617f..527a329173 100644
--- a/plugins/inventory/icinga2.py
+++ b/plugins/inventory/icinga2.py
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable):
             'User-Agent': "ansible-icinga2-inv",
             'Accept': "application/json",
         }
-        api_status_url = self.icinga2_url + "/status"
+        api_status_url = f"{self.icinga2_url}/status"
         request_args = {
             'headers': self.headers,
             'url_username': self.icinga2_user,
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable):
         open_url(api_status_url, **request_args)
 
     def _post_request(self, request_url, data=None):
-        self.display.vvv("Requested URL: %s" % request_url)
+        self.display.vvv(f"Requested URL: {request_url}")
         request_args = {
             'headers': self.headers,
             'url_username': self.icinga2_user,
@@ -160,42 +160,38 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable):
         }
         if data is not None:
             request_args['data'] = json.dumps(data)
-        self.display.vvv("Request Args: %s" % request_args)
+        self.display.vvv(f"Request Args: {request_args}")
         try:
             response = open_url(request_url, **request_args)
         except HTTPError as e:
             try:
                 error_body = json.loads(e.read().decode())
-                self.display.vvv("Error returned: {0}".format(error_body))
+                self.display.vvv(f"Error returned: {error_body}")
             except Exception:
                 error_body = {"status": None}
             if e.code == 404 and error_body.get('status') == "No objects found.":
                 raise AnsibleParserError("Host filter returned no data. Please confirm your host_filter value is valid")
-            raise AnsibleParserError("Unexpected data returned: {0} -- {1}".format(e, error_body))
+            raise AnsibleParserError(f"Unexpected data returned: {e} -- {error_body}")
 
         response_body = response.read()
         json_data = json.loads(response_body.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.display.vvv("Returned Data: %s" % json.dumps(json_data, indent=4, sort_keys=True))
+        self.display.vvv(f"Returned Data: {json.dumps(json_data, indent=4, sort_keys=True)}")
         if 200 <= response.status <= 299:
             return json_data
         if response.status == 404 and json_data['status'] == "No objects found.":
             raise AnsibleParserError(
-                "API returned no data -- Response: %s - %s"
-                % (response.status, json_data['status']))
+                f"API returned no data -- Response: {response.status} - {json_data['status']}")
         if response.status == 401:
             raise AnsibleParserError(
-                "API was unable to complete query -- Response: %s - %s"
-                % (response.status, json_data['status']))
+                f"API was unable to complete query -- Response: {response.status} - {json_data['status']}")
         if response.status == 500:
             raise AnsibleParserError(
-                "API Response - %s - %s"
-                % (json_data['status'], json_data['errors']))
+                f"API Response - {json_data['status']} - {json_data['errors']}")
         raise AnsibleParserError(
-            "Unexpected data returned - %s - %s"
-            % (json_data['status'], json_data['errors']))
+            f"Unexpected data returned - {json_data['status']} - {json_data['errors']}")
 
     def _query_hosts(self, hosts=None, attrs=None, joins=None, host_filter=None):
-        query_hosts_url = "{0}/objects/hosts".format(self.icinga2_url)
+        query_hosts_url = f"{self.icinga2_url}/objects/hosts"
         self.headers['X-HTTP-Method-Override'] = 'GET'
         data_dict = dict()
         if hosts:
@@ -302,7 +298,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable):
         if self.templar.is_template(self.icinga2_password):
             self.icinga2_password = self.templar.template(variable=self.icinga2_password, disable_lookups=False)
 
-        self.icinga2_url = self.icinga2_url.rstrip('/') + '/v1'
+        self.icinga2_url = f"{self.icinga2_url.rstrip('/')}/v1"
 
         # Not currently enabled
         # self.cache_key = self.get_cache_key(path)
diff --git a/plugins/inventory/linode.py b/plugins/inventory/linode.py
index 5c9a4718f5..46f2faeace 100644
--- a/plugins/inventory/linode.py
+++ b/plugins/inventory/linode.py
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
         try:
             self.instances = self.client.linode.instances()
         except LinodeApiError as exception:
-            raise AnsibleError('Linode client raised: %s' % exception)
+            raise AnsibleError(f'Linode client raised: {exception}')
 
     def _add_groups(self):
         """Add Linode instance groups to the dynamic inventory."""
diff --git a/plugins/inventory/lxd.py b/plugins/inventory/lxd.py
index 9ae004f6c5..1e135f7415 100644
--- a/plugins/inventory/lxd.py
+++ b/plugins/inventory/lxd.py
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin):
             with open(path, 'r') as json_file:
                 return json.load(json_file)
         except (IOError, json.decoder.JSONDecodeError) as err:
-            raise AnsibleParserError('Could not load the test data from {0}: {1}'.format(to_native(path), to_native(err)))
+            raise AnsibleParserError(f'Could not load the test data from {to_native(path)}: {to_native(err)}')
 
     def save_json_data(self, path, file_name=None):
         """save data as json
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin):
             with open(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(cwd, *path)), 'w') as json_file:
                 json.dump(self.data, json_file)
         except IOError as err:
-            raise AnsibleParserError('Could not save data: {0}'.format(to_native(err)))
+            raise AnsibleParserError(f'Could not save data: {to_native(err)}')
 
     def verify_file(self, path):
         """Check the config
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin):
         if not isinstance(url, str):
             return False
         if not url.startswith(('unix:', 'https:')):
-            raise AnsibleError('URL is malformed: {0}'.format(to_native(url)))
+            raise AnsibleError(f'URL is malformed: {to_native(url)}')
         return True
 
     def _connect_to_socket(self):
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin):
                 return socket_connection
             except LXDClientException as err:
                 error_storage[url] = err
-        raise AnsibleError('No connection to the socket: {0}'.format(to_native(error_storage)))
+        raise AnsibleError(f'No connection to the socket: {to_native(error_storage)}')
 
     def _get_networks(self):
         """Get Networknames
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin):
         #      }
         url = '/1.0/instances'
         if self.project:
-            url = url + '?{0}'.format(urlencode(dict(project=self.project)))
+            url = f"{url}?{urlencode(dict(project=self.project))}"
 
         instances = self.socket.do('GET', url)
 
@@ -383,10 +383,10 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin):
         config = {}
         if isinstance(branch, (tuple, list)):
             config[name] = {branch[1]: self.socket.do(
-                'GET', '/1.0/{0}/{1}/{2}?{3}'.format(to_native(branch[0]), to_native(name), to_native(branch[1]), urlencode(dict(project=self.project))))}
+                'GET', f'/1.0/{to_native(branch[0])}/{to_native(name)}/{to_native(branch[1])}?{urlencode(dict(project=self.project))}')}
         else:
             config[name] = {branch: self.socket.do(
-                'GET', '/1.0/{0}/{1}?{2}'.format(to_native(branch), to_native(name), urlencode(dict(project=self.project))))}
+                'GET', f'/1.0/{to_native(branch)}/{to_native(name)}?{urlencode(dict(project=self.project))}')}
         return config
 
     def get_instance_data(self, names):
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin):
             None
         Returns:
             dict(network_configuration): network config"""
-        instance_network_interfaces = self._get_data_entry('instances/{0}/state/metadata/network'.format(instance_name))
+        instance_network_interfaces = self._get_data_entry(f'instances/{instance_name}/state/metadata/network')
         network_configuration = None
         if instance_network_interfaces:
             network_configuration = {}
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin):
                     address_set['family'] = address.get('family')
                     address_set['address'] = address.get('address')
                     address_set['netmask'] = address.get('netmask')
-                    address_set['combined'] = address.get('address') + '/' + address.get('netmask')
+                    address_set['combined'] = f"{address.get('address')}/{address.get('netmask')}"
                     network_configuration[interface_name].append(address_set)
         return network_configuration
 
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin):
             None
         Returns:
             str(prefered_interface): None or interface name"""
-        instance_network_interfaces = self._get_data_entry('inventory/{0}/network_interfaces'.format(instance_name))
+        instance_network_interfaces = self._get_data_entry(f'inventory/{instance_name}/network_interfaces')
         prefered_interface = None  # init
         if instance_network_interfaces:  # instance have network interfaces
             # generator if interfaces which start with the desired pattern
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin):
         #          "network":"lxdbr0",
         #          "type":"nic"},
         vlan_ids = {}
-        devices = self._get_data_entry('instances/{0}/instances/metadata/expanded_devices'.format(to_native(instance_name)))
+        devices = self._get_data_entry(f'instances/{to_native(instance_name)}/instances/metadata/expanded_devices')
         for device in devices:
             if 'network' in devices[device]:
                 if devices[device]['network'] in network_vlans:
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin):
             else:
                 path[instance_name][key] = value
         except KeyError as err:
-            raise AnsibleParserError("Unable to store Information: {0}".format(to_native(err)))
+            raise AnsibleParserError(f"Unable to store Information: {to_native(err)}")
 
     def extract_information_from_instance_configs(self):
         """Process configuration information
@@ -600,24 +600,24 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin):
 
         for instance_name in self.data['instances']:
             self._set_data_entry(instance_name, 'os', self._get_data_entry(
-                'instances/{0}/instances/metadata/config/image.os'.format(instance_name)))
+                f'instances/{instance_name}/instances/metadata/config/image.os'))
             self._set_data_entry(instance_name, 'release', self._get_data_entry(
-                'instances/{0}/instances/metadata/config/image.release'.format(instance_name)))
+                f'instances/{instance_name}/instances/metadata/config/image.release'))
             self._set_data_entry(instance_name, 'version', self._get_data_entry(
-                'instances/{0}/instances/metadata/config/image.version'.format(instance_name)))
+                f'instances/{instance_name}/instances/metadata/config/image.version'))
             self._set_data_entry(instance_name, 'profile', self._get_data_entry(
-                'instances/{0}/instances/metadata/profiles'.format(instance_name)))
+                f'instances/{instance_name}/instances/metadata/profiles'))
             self._set_data_entry(instance_name, 'location', self._get_data_entry(
-                'instances/{0}/instances/metadata/location'.format(instance_name)))
+                f'instances/{instance_name}/instances/metadata/location'))
             self._set_data_entry(instance_name, 'state', self._get_data_entry(
-                'instances/{0}/instances/metadata/config/volatile.last_state.power'.format(instance_name)))
+                f'instances/{instance_name}/instances/metadata/config/volatile.last_state.power'))
             self._set_data_entry(instance_name, 'type', self._get_data_entry(
-                'instances/{0}/instances/metadata/type'.format(instance_name)))
+                f'instances/{instance_name}/instances/metadata/type'))
             self._set_data_entry(instance_name, 'network_interfaces', self.extract_network_information_from_instance_config(instance_name))
             self._set_data_entry(instance_name, 'preferred_interface', self.get_prefered_instance_network_interface(instance_name))
             self._set_data_entry(instance_name, 'vlan_ids', self.get_instance_vlans(instance_name))
             self._set_data_entry(instance_name, 'project', self._get_data_entry(
-                'instances/{0}/instances/metadata/project'.format(instance_name)))
+                f'instances/{instance_name}/instances/metadata/project'))
 
     def build_inventory_network(self, instance_name):
         """Add the network interfaces of the instance to the inventory
@@ -651,18 +651,18 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin):
                 None
             Returns:
                 dict(interface_name: ip)"""
-            prefered_interface = self._get_data_entry('inventory/{0}/preferred_interface'.format(instance_name))  # name or None
+            prefered_interface = self._get_data_entry(f'inventory/{instance_name}/preferred_interface')  # name or None
             prefered_instance_network_family = self.prefered_instance_network_family
 
             ip_address = ''
             if prefered_interface:
-                interface = self._get_data_entry('inventory/{0}/network_interfaces/{1}'.format(instance_name, prefered_interface))
+                interface = self._get_data_entry(f'inventory/{instance_name}/network_interfaces/{prefered_interface}')
                 for config in interface:
                     if config['family'] == prefered_instance_network_family:
                         ip_address = config['address']
                         break
             else:
-                interfaces = self._get_data_entry('inventory/{0}/network_interfaces'.format(instance_name))
+                interfaces = self._get_data_entry(f'inventory/{instance_name}/network_interfaces')
                 for interface in interfaces.values():
                     for config in interface:
                         if config['family'] == prefered_instance_network_family:
@@ -670,7 +670,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin):
                             break
             return ip_address
 
-        if self._get_data_entry('inventory/{0}/network_interfaces'.format(instance_name)):  # instance have network interfaces
+        if self._get_data_entry(f'inventory/{instance_name}/network_interfaces'):  # instance have network interfaces
             self.inventory.set_variable(instance_name, 'ansible_connection', 'ssh')
             self.inventory.set_variable(instance_name, 'ansible_host', make_unsafe(interface_selection(instance_name)))
         else:
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin):
         Returns:
             None"""
         for instance_name in self.data['inventory']:
-            instance_state = str(self._get_data_entry('inventory/{0}/state'.format(instance_name)) or "STOPPED").lower()
+            instance_state = str(self._get_data_entry(f'inventory/{instance_name}/state') or "STOPPED").lower()
 
             # Only consider instances that match the "state" filter, if self.state is not None
             if self.filter:
@@ -703,34 +703,34 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin):
             # add network information
             self.build_inventory_network(instance_name)
             # add os
-            v = self._get_data_entry('inventory/{0}/os'.format(instance_name))
+            v = self._get_data_entry(f'inventory/{instance_name}/os')
             if v:
                 self.inventory.set_variable(instance_name, 'ansible_lxd_os', make_unsafe(v.lower()))
             # add release
-            v = self._get_data_entry('inventory/{0}/release'.format(instance_name))
+            v = self._get_data_entry(f'inventory/{instance_name}/release')
             if v:
                 self.inventory.set_variable(
                     instance_name, 'ansible_lxd_release', make_unsafe(v.lower()))
             # add profile
             self.inventory.set_variable(
-                instance_name, 'ansible_lxd_profile', make_unsafe(self._get_data_entry('inventory/{0}/profile'.format(instance_name))))
+                instance_name, 'ansible_lxd_profile', make_unsafe(self._get_data_entry(f'inventory/{instance_name}/profile')))
             # add state
             self.inventory.set_variable(
                 instance_name, 'ansible_lxd_state', make_unsafe(instance_state))
             # add type
             self.inventory.set_variable(
-                instance_name, 'ansible_lxd_type', make_unsafe(self._get_data_entry('inventory/{0}/type'.format(instance_name))))
+                instance_name, 'ansible_lxd_type', make_unsafe(self._get_data_entry(f'inventory/{instance_name}/type')))
             # add location information
-            if self._get_data_entry('inventory/{0}/location'.format(instance_name)) != "none":  # wrong type by lxd 'none' != 'None'
+            if self._get_data_entry(f'inventory/{instance_name}/location') != "none":  # wrong type by lxd 'none' != 'None'
                 self.inventory.set_variable(
-                    instance_name, 'ansible_lxd_location', make_unsafe(self._get_data_entry('inventory/{0}/location'.format(instance_name))))
+                    instance_name, 'ansible_lxd_location', make_unsafe(self._get_data_entry(f'inventory/{instance_name}/location')))
             # add VLAN_ID information
-            if self._get_data_entry('inventory/{0}/vlan_ids'.format(instance_name)):
+            if self._get_data_entry(f'inventory/{instance_name}/vlan_ids'):
                 self.inventory.set_variable(
-                    instance_name, 'ansible_lxd_vlan_ids', make_unsafe(self._get_data_entry('inventory/{0}/vlan_ids'.format(instance_name))))
+                    instance_name, 'ansible_lxd_vlan_ids', make_unsafe(self._get_data_entry(f'inventory/{instance_name}/vlan_ids')))
             # add project
             self.inventory.set_variable(
-                instance_name, 'ansible_lxd_project', make_unsafe(self._get_data_entry('inventory/{0}/project'.format(instance_name))))
+                instance_name, 'ansible_lxd_project', make_unsafe(self._get_data_entry(f'inventory/{instance_name}/project')))
 
     def build_inventory_groups_location(self, group_name):
         """create group by attribute: location
@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin):
             network = ipaddress.ip_network(to_text(self.groupby[group_name].get('attribute')))
         except ValueError as err:
             raise AnsibleParserError(
-                'Error while parsing network range {0}: {1}'.format(self.groupby[group_name].get('attribute'), to_native(err)))
+                f"Error while parsing network range {self.groupby[group_name].get('attribute')}: {to_native(err)}")
 
         for instance_name in self.inventory.hosts:
             if self.data['inventory'][instance_name].get('network_interfaces') is not None:
@@ -997,12 +997,12 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin):
             elif self.groupby[group_name].get('type') == 'project':
                 self.build_inventory_groups_project(group_name)
             else:
-                raise AnsibleParserError('Unknown group type: {0}'.format(to_native(group_name)))
+                raise AnsibleParserError(f'Unknown group type: {to_native(group_name)}')
 
         if self.groupby:
             for group_name in self.groupby:
                 if not group_name.isalnum():
-                    raise AnsibleParserError('Invalid character(s) in groupname: {0}'.format(to_native(group_name)))
+                    raise AnsibleParserError(f'Invalid character(s) in groupname: {to_native(group_name)}')
                 group_type(make_unsafe(group_name))
 
     def build_inventory(self):
@@ -1039,7 +1039,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin):
             None"""
         iter_keys = list(self.data['instances'].keys())
         for instance_name in iter_keys:
-            if self._get_data_entry('instances/{0}/instances/metadata/type'.format(instance_name)) != self.type_filter:
+            if self._get_data_entry(f'instances/{instance_name}/instances/metadata/type') != self.type_filter:
                 del self.data['instances'][instance_name]
 
     def _populate(self):
@@ -1120,6 +1120,6 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin):
             self.url = self.get_option('url')
         except Exception as err:
             raise AnsibleParserError(
-                'All correct options required: {0}'.format(to_native(err)))
+                f'All correct options required: {to_native(err)}')
         # Call our internal helper to populate the dynamic inventory
         self._populate()
diff --git a/plugins/inventory/nmap.py b/plugins/inventory/nmap.py
index 48f02c446b..fbc8a76173 100644
--- a/plugins/inventory/nmap.py
+++ b/plugins/inventory/nmap.py
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
         try:
             self._nmap = get_bin_path('nmap')
         except ValueError as e:
-            raise AnsibleParserError('nmap inventory plugin requires the nmap cli tool to work: {0}'.format(to_native(e)))
+            raise AnsibleParserError(f'nmap inventory plugin requires the nmap cli tool to work: {to_native(e)}')
 
         super(InventoryModule, self).parse(inventory, loader, path, cache=cache)
 
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
                 p = Popen(cmd, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE)
                 stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
                 if p.returncode != 0:
-                    raise AnsibleParserError('Failed to run nmap, rc=%s: %s' % (p.returncode, to_native(stderr)))
+                    raise AnsibleParserError(f'Failed to run nmap, rc={p.returncode}: {to_native(stderr)}')
 
                 # parse results
                 host = None
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
                 try:
                     t_stdout = to_text(stdout, errors='surrogate_or_strict')
                 except UnicodeError as e:
-                    raise AnsibleParserError('Invalid (non unicode) input returned: %s' % to_native(e))
+                    raise AnsibleParserError(f'Invalid (non unicode) input returned: {to_native(e)}')
 
                 for line in t_stdout.splitlines():
                     hits = self.find_host.match(line)
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
                     results[-1]['ports'] = ports
 
             except Exception as e:
-                raise AnsibleParserError("failed to parse %s: %s " % (to_native(path), to_native(e)))
+                raise AnsibleParserError(f"failed to parse {to_native(path)}: {to_native(e)} ")
 
         if cache_needs_update:
             self._cache[cache_key] = results
diff --git a/plugins/inventory/online.py b/plugins/inventory/online.py
index 70b8d14192..9475049c08 100644
--- a/plugins/inventory/online.py
+++ b/plugins/inventory/online.py
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin):
         try:
             response = open_url(url, headers=self.headers)
         except Exception as e:
-            self.display.warning("An error happened while fetching: %s" % url)
+            self.display.warning(f"An error happened while fetching: {url}")
             return None
 
         try:
@@ -245,8 +245,8 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin):
         }
 
         self.headers = {
-            'Authorization': "Bearer %s" % token,
-            'User-Agent': "ansible %s Python %s" % (ansible_version, python_version.split(' ', 1)[0]),
+            'Authorization': f"Bearer {token}",
+            'User-Agent': f"ansible {ansible_version} Python {python_version.split(' ', 1)[0]}",
             'Content-type': 'application/json'
         }
 
diff --git a/plugins/inventory/opennebula.py b/plugins/inventory/opennebula.py
index 077d3da5a3..2750d4d370 100644
--- a/plugins/inventory/opennebula.py
+++ b/plugins/inventory/opennebula.py
@@ -128,9 +128,9 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable):
                     authstring = fp.read().rstrip()
                 username, password = authstring.split(":")
             except (OSError, IOError):
-                raise AnsibleError("Could not find or read ONE_AUTH file at '{e}'".format(e=authfile))
+                raise AnsibleError(f"Could not find or read ONE_AUTH file at '{authfile}'")
             except Exception:
-                raise AnsibleError("Error occurs when reading ONE_AUTH file at '{e}'".format(e=authfile))
+                raise AnsibleError(f"Error occurs when reading ONE_AUTH file at '{authfile}'")
 
         auth_params = namedtuple('auth', ('url', 'username', 'password'))
 
@@ -166,13 +166,13 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable):
         if not (auth.username and auth.password):
             raise AnsibleError('API Credentials missing. Check OpenNebula inventory file.')
         else:
-            one_client = pyone.OneServer(auth.url, session=auth.username + ':' + auth.password)
+            one_client = pyone.OneServer(auth.url, session=f"{auth.username}:{auth.password}")
 
         # get hosts (VMs)
         try:
             vm_pool = one_client.vmpool.infoextended(-2, -1, -1, 3)
         except Exception as e:
-            raise AnsibleError("Something happened during XML-RPC call: {e}".format(e=to_native(e)))
+            raise AnsibleError(f"Something happened during XML-RPC call: {to_native(e)}")
 
         return vm_pool
 
diff --git a/plugins/inventory/proxmox.py b/plugins/inventory/proxmox.py
index 38877b895c..e4a39df3d7 100644
--- a/plugins/inventory/proxmox.py
+++ b/plugins/inventory/proxmox.py
@@ -284,12 +284,12 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
         if self.proxmox_password:
             credentials = urlencode({'username': self.proxmox_user, 'password': self.proxmox_password})
             a = self._get_session()
-            ret = a.post('%s/api2/json/access/ticket' % self.proxmox_url, data=credentials)
+            ret = a.post(f'{self.proxmox_url}/api2/json/access/ticket', data=credentials)
             json = ret.json()
             self.headers = {
                 # only required for POST/PUT/DELETE methods, which we are not using currently
                 # 'CSRFPreventionToken': json['data']['CSRFPreventionToken'],
-                'Cookie': 'PVEAuthCookie={0}'.format(json['data']['ticket'])
+                'Cookie': f"PVEAuthCookie={json['data']['ticket']}"
             }
         else:
             # Clean and format token components
@@ -341,23 +341,23 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
         return make_unsafe(self._cache[self.cache_key][url])
 
     def _get_nodes(self):
-        return self._get_json("%s/api2/json/nodes" % self.proxmox_url)
+        return self._get_json(f"{self.proxmox_url}/api2/json/nodes")
 
     def _get_pools(self):
-        return self._get_json("%s/api2/json/pools" % self.proxmox_url)
+        return self._get_json(f"{self.proxmox_url}/api2/json/pools")
 
     def _get_lxc_per_node(self, node):
-        return self._get_json("%s/api2/json/nodes/%s/lxc" % (self.proxmox_url, node))
+        return self._get_json(f"{self.proxmox_url}/api2/json/nodes/{node}/lxc")
 
     def _get_qemu_per_node(self, node):
-        return self._get_json("%s/api2/json/nodes/%s/qemu" % (self.proxmox_url, node))
+        return self._get_json(f"{self.proxmox_url}/api2/json/nodes/{node}/qemu")
 
     def _get_members_per_pool(self, pool):
-        ret = self._get_json("%s/api2/json/pools/%s" % (self.proxmox_url, pool))
+        ret = self._get_json(f"{self.proxmox_url}/api2/json/pools/{pool}")
         return ret['members']
 
     def _get_node_ip(self, node):
-        ret = self._get_json("%s/api2/json/nodes/%s/network" % (self.proxmox_url, node))
+        ret = self._get_json(f"{self.proxmox_url}/api2/json/nodes/{node}/network")
 
         for iface in ret:
             try:
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
         if status_key not in properties or not properties[status_key] == 'running':
             return
 
-        ret = self._get_json("%s/api2/json/nodes/%s/lxc/%s/interfaces" % (self.proxmox_url, node, vmid), ignore_errors=[501])
+        ret = self._get_json(f"{self.proxmox_url}/api2/json/nodes/{node}/lxc/{vmid}/interfaces", ignore_errors=[501])
         if not ret:
             return
 
@@ -398,9 +398,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
 
         try:
             ifaces = self._get_json(
-                "%s/api2/json/nodes/%s/%s/%s/agent/network-get-interfaces" % (
-                    self.proxmox_url, node, vmtype, vmid
-                )
+                f"{self.proxmox_url}/api2/json/nodes/{node}/{vmtype}/{vmid}/agent/network-get-interfaces"
             )['result']
 
             if "error" in ifaces:
@@ -418,7 +416,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
                 result.append({
                     'name': iface['name'],
                     'mac-address': iface['hardware-address'] if 'hardware-address' in iface else '',
-                    'ip-addresses': ["%s/%s" % (ip['ip-address'], ip['prefix']) for ip in iface['ip-addresses']] if 'ip-addresses' in iface else []
+                    'ip-addresses': [f"{ip['ip-address']}/{ip['prefix']}" for ip in iface['ip-addresses']] if 'ip-addresses' in iface else []
                 })
         except requests.HTTPError:
             pass
@@ -426,7 +424,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
         return result
 
     def _get_vm_config(self, properties, node, vmid, vmtype, name):
-        ret = self._get_json("%s/api2/json/nodes/%s/%s/%s/config" % (self.proxmox_url, node, vmtype, vmid))
+        ret = self._get_json(f"{self.proxmox_url}/api2/json/nodes/{node}/{vmtype}/{vmid}/config")
 
         properties[self._fact('node')] = node
         properties[self._fact('vmid')] = vmid
@@ -442,13 +440,13 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
             try:
                 # fixup disk images as they have no key
                 if config == 'rootfs' or config.startswith(('virtio', 'sata', 'ide', 'scsi')):
-                    value = ('disk_image=' + value)
+                    value = f"disk_image={value}"
 
                 # Additional field containing parsed tags as list
                 if config == 'tags':
                     stripped_value = value.strip()
                     if stripped_value:
-                        parsed_key = key + "_parsed"
+                        parsed_key = f"{key}_parsed"
                         properties[parsed_key] = [tag.strip() for tag in stripped_value.replace(',', ';').split(";")]
 
                 # The first field in the agent string tells you whether the agent is enabled
@@ -464,7 +462,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
                     if agent_enabled:
                         agent_iface_value = self._get_agent_network_interfaces(node, vmid, vmtype)
                         if agent_iface_value:
-                            agent_iface_key = self.to_safe('%s%s' % (key, "_interfaces"))
+                            agent_iface_key = self.to_safe(f'{key}_interfaces')
                             properties[agent_iface_key] = agent_iface_value
 
                 if config == 'lxc':
@@ -489,13 +487,13 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
                 return None
 
     def _get_vm_status(self, properties, node, vmid, vmtype, name):
-        ret = self._get_json("%s/api2/json/nodes/%s/%s/%s/status/current" % (self.proxmox_url, node, vmtype, vmid))
+        ret = self._get_json(f"{self.proxmox_url}/api2/json/nodes/{node}/{vmtype}/{vmid}/status/current")
         properties[self._fact('status')] = ret['status']
         if vmtype == 'qemu':
             properties[self._fact('qmpstatus')] = ret['qmpstatus']
 
     def _get_vm_snapshots(self, properties, node, vmid, vmtype, name):
-        ret = self._get_json("%s/api2/json/nodes/%s/%s/%s/snapshot" % (self.proxmox_url, node, vmtype, vmid))
+        ret = self._get_json(f"{self.proxmox_url}/api2/json/nodes/{node}/{vmtype}/{vmid}/snapshot")
         snapshots = [snapshot['name'] for snapshot in ret if snapshot['name'] != 'current']
         properties[self._fact('snapshots')] = snapshots
 
@@ -509,11 +507,11 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
 
     def _fact(self, name):
         '''Generate a fact's full name from the common prefix and a name.'''
-        return self.to_safe('%s%s' % (self.facts_prefix, name.lower()))
+        return self.to_safe(f'{self.facts_prefix}{name.lower()}')
 
     def _group(self, name):
         '''Generate a group's full name from the common prefix and a name.'''
-        return self.to_safe('%s%s' % (self.group_prefix, name.lower()))
+        return self.to_safe(f'{self.group_prefix}{name.lower()}')
 
     def _can_add_host(self, name, properties):
         '''Ensure that a host satisfies all defined hosts filters. If strict mode is
@@ -525,7 +523,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
                 if not self._compose(host_filter, properties):
                     return False
             except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
-                message = "Could not evaluate host filter %s for host %s - %s" % (host_filter, name, to_native(e))
+                message = f"Could not evaluate host filter {host_filter} for host {name} - {to_native(e)}"
                 if self.strict:
                     raise AnsibleError(message)
                 display.warning(message)
@@ -566,8 +564,8 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
 
         # add the host to the inventory
         self._add_host(name, properties)
-        node_type_group = self._group('%s_%s' % (node, ittype))
-        self.inventory.add_child(self._group('all_' + ittype), name)
+        node_type_group = self._group(f'{node}_{ittype}')
+        self.inventory.add_child(self._group(f"all_{ittype}"), name)
         self.inventory.add_child(node_type_group, name)
 
         item_status = item['status']
@@ -575,7 +573,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
             if want_facts and ittype == 'qemu' and self.get_option('qemu_extended_statuses'):
                 # get more details about the status of the qemu VM
                 item_status = properties.get(self._fact('qmpstatus'), item_status)
-        self.inventory.add_child(self._group('all_%s' % (item_status, )), name)
+        self.inventory.add_child(self._group(f'all_{item_status}'), name)
 
         return name
 
@@ -586,7 +584,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
             poolid = pool.get('poolid')
             if not poolid:
                 continue
-            pool_group = self._group('pool_' + poolid)
+            pool_group = self._group(f"pool_{poolid}")
             self.inventory.add_group(pool_group)
 
             for member in self._get_members_per_pool(poolid):
@@ -603,7 +601,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
             default_groups.extend(['prelaunch', 'paused'])
 
         for group in default_groups:
-            self.inventory.add_group(self._group('all_%s' % (group)))
+            self.inventory.add_group(self._group(f'all_{group}'))
         nodes_group = self._group('nodes')
         if not self.exclude_nodes:
             self.inventory.add_group(nodes_group)
@@ -636,7 +634,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
 
             # add LXC/Qemu groups for the node
             for ittype in ('lxc', 'qemu'):
-                node_type_group = self._group('%s_%s' % (node['node'], ittype))
+                node_type_group = self._group(f"{node['node']}_{ittype}")
                 self.inventory.add_group(node_type_group)
 
             # get LXC containers and Qemu VMs for this node
@@ -665,7 +663,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
             v = self.get_option(o)
             if self.templar.is_template(v):
                 v = self.templar.template(v, disable_lookups=False)
-            setattr(self, 'proxmox_%s' % o, v)
+            setattr(self, f'proxmox_{o}', v)
 
         # some more cleanup and validation
         self.proxmox_url = self.proxmox_url.rstrip('/')
diff --git a/plugins/inventory/scaleway.py b/plugins/inventory/scaleway.py
index 4205caeca7..7fc5f12c44 100644
--- a/plugins/inventory/scaleway.py
+++ b/plugins/inventory/scaleway.py
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ def _fetch_information(token, url):
                                 headers={'X-Auth-Token': token,
                                          'Content-type': 'application/json'})
         except Exception as e:
-            raise AnsibleError("Error while fetching %s: %s" % (url, to_native(e)))
+            raise AnsibleError(f"Error while fetching {url}: {to_native(e)}")
         try:
             raw_json = json.loads(to_text(response.read()))
         except ValueError:
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ def _fetch_information(token, url):
 
 
 def _build_server_url(api_endpoint):
-    return "/".join([api_endpoint, "servers"])
+    return f"{api_endpoint}/servers"
 
 
 def extract_public_ipv4(server_info):
diff --git a/plugins/inventory/stackpath_compute.py b/plugins/inventory/stackpath_compute.py
index 8508b4e797..c87d0e5277 100644
--- a/plugins/inventory/stackpath_compute.py
+++ b/plugins/inventory/stackpath_compute.py
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
             "Content-Type": "application/json",
         }
         resp = open_url(
-            self.api_host + '/identity/v1/oauth2/token',
+            f"{self.api_host}/identity/v1/oauth2/token",
             headers=headers,
             data=payload,
             method="POST"
@@ -155,16 +155,16 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
         self._authenticate()
         for stack_slug in self.stack_slugs:
             try:
-                workloads = self._stackpath_query_get_list(self.api_host + '/workload/v1/stacks/' + stack_slug + '/workloads')
+                workloads = self._stackpath_query_get_list(f"{self.api_host}/workload/v1/stacks/{stack_slug}/workloads")
             except Exception:
-                raise AnsibleError("Failed to get workloads from the StackPath API: %s" % traceback.format_exc())
+                raise AnsibleError(f"Failed to get workloads from the StackPath API: {traceback.format_exc()}")
             for workload in workloads:
                 try:
                     workload_instances = self._stackpath_query_get_list(
-                        self.api_host + '/workload/v1/stacks/' + stack_slug + '/workloads/' + workload["id"] + '/instances'
+                        f"{self.api_host}/workload/v1/stacks/{stack_slug}/workloads/{workload['id']}/instances"
                     )
                 except Exception:
-                    raise AnsibleError("Failed to get workload instances from the StackPath API: %s" % traceback.format_exc())
+                    raise AnsibleError(f"Failed to get workload instances from the StackPath API: {traceback.format_exc()}")
                 for instance in workload_instances:
                     if instance["phase"] == "RUNNING":
                         instance["stackSlug"] = stack_slug
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
     def _populate(self, instances):
         for instance in instances:
             for group_key in self.group_keys:
-                group = group_key + "_" + instance[group_key]
+                group = f"{group_key}_{instance[group_key]}"
                 group = group.lower().replace(" ", "_").replace("-", "_")
                 self.inventory.add_group(group)
                 self.inventory.add_host(instance[self.hostname_key],
@@ -194,14 +194,14 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
         self._authenticate()
         headers = {
             "Content-Type": "application/json",
-            "Authorization": "Bearer " + self.auth_token,
+            "Authorization": f"Bearer {self.auth_token}",
         }
         next_page = True
         result = []
         cursor = '-1'
         while next_page:
             resp = open_url(
-                url + '?page_request.first=10&page_request.after=%s' % cursor,
+                f"{url}?page_request.first=10&page_request.after={cursor}",
                 headers=headers,
                 method="GET"
             )
@@ -251,10 +251,10 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
         self.stack_slugs = self.get_option('stack_slugs')
         if not self.stack_slugs:
             try:
-                stacks = self._stackpath_query_get_list(self.api_host + '/stack/v1/stacks')
+                stacks = self._stackpath_query_get_list(f"{self.api_host}/stack/v1/stacks")
                 self._get_stack_slugs(stacks)
             except Exception:
-                raise AnsibleError("Failed to get stack IDs from the Stackpath API: %s" % traceback.format_exc())
+                raise AnsibleError(f"Failed to get stack IDs from the Stackpath API: {traceback.format_exc()}")
 
         cache_key = self.get_cache_key(path)
         # false when refresh_cache or --flush-cache is used
@@ -283,4 +283,4 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
             if cache_needs_update or (not cache and self.get_option('cache')):
                 self._cache[cache_key] = results
         except Exception:
-            raise AnsibleError("Failed to populate data: %s" % traceback.format_exc())
+            raise AnsibleError(f"Failed to populate data: {traceback.format_exc()}")
diff --git a/plugins/inventory/virtualbox.py b/plugins/inventory/virtualbox.py
index d48c294fd9..e6f401ca86 100644
--- a/plugins/inventory/virtualbox.py
+++ b/plugins/inventory/virtualbox.py
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
 
             else:
                 # found vars, accumulate in hostvars for clean inventory set
-                pref_k = make_unsafe('vbox_' + k.strip().replace(' ', '_'))
+                pref_k = make_unsafe(f"vbox_{k.strip().replace(' ', '_')}")
                 leading_spaces = len(k) - len(k.lstrip(' '))
                 if 0 < leading_spaces <= 2:
                     if prevkey not in hostvars[current_host] or not isinstance(hostvars[current_host][prevkey], dict):
diff --git a/plugins/inventory/xen_orchestra.py b/plugins/inventory/xen_orchestra.py
index 4094af2468..0a050d0bf9 100644
--- a/plugins/inventory/xen_orchestra.py
+++ b/plugins/inventory/xen_orchestra.py
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
 
         sslopt = None if validate_certs else {'cert_reqs': ssl.CERT_NONE}
         self.conn = create_connection(
-            '{0}://{1}/api/'.format(proto, xoa_api_host), sslopt=sslopt)
+            f'{proto}://{xoa_api_host}/api/', sslopt=sslopt)
 
     CALL_TIMEOUT = 100
     """Number of 1/10ths of a second to wait before method call times out."""
@@ -162,8 +162,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
                 sleep(0.1)
                 waited += 1
 
-        raise AnsibleError(
-            'Method call {method} timed out after {timeout} seconds.'.format(method=method, timeout=self.CALL_TIMEOUT / 10))
+        raise AnsibleError(f'Method call {method} timed out after {self.CALL_TIMEOUT / 10} seconds.')
 
     def login(self, user, password):
         result = self.call('session.signIn', {
@@ -171,15 +170,13 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
         })
 
         if 'error' in result:
-            raise AnsibleError(
-                'Could not connect: {0}'.format(result['error']))
+            raise AnsibleError(f"Could not connect: {result['error']}")
 
     def get_object(self, name):
         answer = self.call('xo.getAllObjects', {'filter': {'type': name}})
 
         if 'error' in answer:
-            raise AnsibleError(
-                'Could not request: {0}'.format(answer['error']))
+            raise AnsibleError(f"Could not request: {answer['error']}")
 
         return answer['result']
 
@@ -252,8 +249,7 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
     def _add_hosts(self, hosts, pools):
         for host in hosts.values():
             entry_name = host['uuid']
-            group_name = 'xo_host_{0}'.format(
-                clean_group_name(host['name_label']))
+            group_name = f"xo_host_{clean_group_name(host['name_label'])}"
             pool_name = self._pool_group_name_for_uuid(pools, host['$poolId'])
 
             self.inventory.add_group(group_name)
@@ -276,15 +272,13 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
                 entry_name, 'product_brand', host['productBrand'])
 
         for pool in pools.values():
-            group_name = 'xo_pool_{0}'.format(
-                clean_group_name(pool['name_label']))
+            group_name = f"xo_pool_{clean_group_name(pool['name_label'])}"
 
             self.inventory.add_group(group_name)
 
     def _add_pools(self, pools):
         for pool in pools.values():
-            group_name = 'xo_pool_{0}'.format(
-                clean_group_name(pool['name_label']))
+            group_name = f"xo_pool_{clean_group_name(pool['name_label'])}"
 
             self.inventory.add_group(group_name)
 
@@ -292,16 +286,13 @@ class InventoryModule(BaseInventoryPlugin, Constructable, Cacheable):
     def _pool_group_name_for_uuid(self, pools, pool_uuid):
         for pool in pools:
             if pool == pool_uuid:
-                return 'xo_pool_{0}'.format(
-                    clean_group_name(pools[pool_uuid]['name_label']))
+                return f"xo_pool_{clean_group_name(pools[pool_uuid]['name_label'])}"
 
     # TODO: Refactor
     def _host_group_name_for_uuid(self, hosts, host_uuid):
         for host in hosts:
             if host == host_uuid:
-                return 'xo_host_{0}'.format(
-                    clean_group_name(hosts[host_uuid]['name_label']
-                                     ))
+                return f"xo_host_{clean_group_name(hosts[host_uuid]['name_label'])}"
 
     def _populate(self, objects):
         # Prepare general groups